Melanin is a biological organic polymer and has semiconductor properties. The structure of organic semiconductors, including melanin, determines the mechanism of their conductivity, electrical, and catalytic properties. Research the properties of melanin, which are synthesized on the basis of innovative technologies developed by Sunoil-Agro, confirms the innovating prospects for using melanin with goal to modify electrodes of Li-ion batteries. Results of investigation and developed the method modification the cathode materials of Li-ion batteries are presented in this article. The goal is to increasing the energy and power characteristics of LiMn2O4-based cathodes as a result of their modification with melanin.
The Electrochemical Society (ECS) was founded in 1902 to advance the theory and practice at the forefront of electrochemical and solid state science and technology, and allied subjects.
ISSN: 1938-6737
ECS Transactions is the official conference proceedings publication of The Electrochemical Society. This publication features full-text content of proceedings from ECS meetings and ECS-sponsored meetings. ECST is a high-quality venue for authors and an excellent resource for researchers. The papers appearing in ECST are reviewed to ensure that submissions meet generally accepted scientific standards.
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Elena Shembel et al 2020 ECS Trans. 99 47
Ashraf Alam 2022 ECS Trans. 107 9827
This research examines how transformative learning has been conceptualized and operationalized in education for sustainable development (ESD) and sustainability learning, and gathers evidence on how to promote transformative learning in formal and non-formal settings. The author performed a systematic literature review to create a bibliometric overview that combines a quantitative description of the body of literature with a qualitative study of the learning processes, results, and circumstances. The current investigation shows that transformative learning theory may help in designing and implementation of educational interventions and evaluations of learning towards sustainability by analyzing the learning process, results, and circumstances in the core sample of studies. This systematic review allows for a better understanding of how transformative learning theory's concepts and mechanisms are operationalized in sustainability learning and ESD research, and it serves as a source of encouragement for researchers and practitioners working to make sustainability education, teaching, and learning more transformative.
Ashraf Alam 2022 ECS Trans. 107 11199
The purpose of this article is to examine school-based interventions that have been designed and developed to promote students' happiness, well-being, and academic achievement using a positive psychology approach that focuses on cultivating positive emotions, resilience, and positive character strengths. The current paper outlines the positive psychology movement and reviews evidence from 12 school-based positive psychology interventions that have been systematically evaluated, in response to calls from the 21st century education movement for schools to incorporate students' happiness and well-being as a focus of learning. The findings of this research shows that positive psychology programs are linked to students' health, relationships, happiness, and academic success. The article offers recommendations for additional development of positive psychology interventions in schools, and explores those factors and variables that may influence positive psychology interventions to be extended and more systematically integrated into schools for happiness and well-being of students.
Ashraf Alam 2022 ECS Trans. 107 19481
The aim of this paper is to investigate sustainable education and positive psychological interventions in schools towards achievement of sustainable happiness and well-being for 21st century pedagogy and curriculum. The growing awareness that sustainability, happiness, and well-being are intertwined takes the discussion of happiness and sustainability to newer levels. Even though scholars and governments are now grappling with questions about policies for sustainability, happiness, and well-being, the general public may not be aware of these connections and none of these topics are well integrated into formal education. Nevertheless, the necessity for transforming education to play a leading role in sustainable education has never been more imperative, and thus it has been taken up extensively in this paper. The concept of sustainable happiness offers an innovative perspective to reinvigorate sustainability education and shape priorities for 21st century learning: contributing to resilient, sustainable happiness and well-being for all. The education sector, however, is conservative and slow to adapt. The author recommends that happiness should be an aim of education, and a good education should contribute significantly towards personal and collective happiness. Broadening this recommendation to consider sustainable happiness and well-being for all is an overarching aim that could assist to reimagine the role of education in the 21st century and serve as the foundation for setting new priorities.
Taher Husain et al 2022 ECS Trans. 107 4389
Paracetamol is an analgesic and an antipyretic most commonly used for headaches and mild fever. It is very common and almost every individual on this planet has consumed paracetamol at least once in his/her life. So, with that high usage, there is need of a high and efficient production from a paracetamol production plant. In this paper, the manufacturing process of paracetamol is simulated and optimized using the software DWSIM. As paracetamol is one of the most used medicines, therefore its production is also very high. But if production is high then there is a chance that the process is not fully optimized and there is wastage of important chemicals. Optimization will lead to reduction in the wastage, increase the conversion and increase in purity of the compound, and all these factors will lead to driving the cost of production down and in doing so the cost of medicines will also decrease.
Bo Ki Hong and Sae Hoon Kim 2018 ECS Trans. 86 3
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have received great attention as a promising candidate for eco-friendly vehicles and distributed power plants. Since Hyundai's deployment of the world's first mass-produced FCEV, Tucson ix35, in February 2013, Hyundai has been exerting every effort in resolving three major challenges, i.e., cost, performance, and durability. As a result, Hyundai unveiled an advanced FCEV, Nexo, in March 2018 and began to manufacture it for the world's market. The Nexo FCEV has achieved significant technological advancements compared with its predecessor, Tucson ix35: improved system efficiency from 55% to 60%; enhanced driving range from 415 km to 609 km; enhanced cold start-up capability from -20 °C down to -30 °C; improved durability from 4 years/80,000 km to 10 years/160,000 km. The recent advances and progress of Hyundai's FCEV technologies will be addressed here, along with the future direction of research and development for next-generation FCEVs.
Ashraf Alam 2022 ECS Trans. 107 12389
The article discusses the possible applications of social robots in education, the technological and pedagogical challenges they possess, and the ways in which they may affect learning outcomes, concentrating only on robots intended to assist students in learning via social interaction. Author has highlighted three significant research problems : 1) Does robot tutors help improve students' learning outcomes? 2) Does appearance and behaviour of robots have a significant role to play on academic engagement of learners? 3) What could be the potential roles of a robot in an educational setting? A statistical meta-analysis of previously published research articles is used to substantiate author's claims. The larger aim of this article is to provide effective groundwork for future research by describing the expected outcomes of using social robots to offer education and identifying potential research areas for further inquiry.
Ting Cai et al 2019 ECS Trans. 89 85
During battery storage and transport, thermal runaway is a critical issue for battery safety. For cells stored in a 55 gallon (0.208 m3) drum, a single cell thermal runaway can heat up neighboring cells, causing a chain reaction of thermal runaway propagation. It is important to detect a thermal runway event before it propagates to other cells and becomes difficult to extinguish. This paper presents a Li-ion batteries thermal runaway early detection method based on gas sensing. By monitoring CO2 concentrations, which is produced at early stage of battery thermal runaway, early detection at cell failures are possible. The simulation shows much faster response of gas sensing comparing to conventional surface temperature sensing. While the surface temperature sensing approach fails to detect thermal runaway before it propagates to other cells, the gas sensing approach detects the event ahead of thermal runaway propagation.
Katherine E. Ayers et al 2010 ECS Trans. 33 3
Water electrolysis has benefits over other hydrogen generation technologies due to the lack of carbon footprint when integrated with a renewable source of energy. Specifically, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis is a promising technology for hydrogen generation applications because of the lack of corrosive electrolytes, small footprint, and ability to generate at high pressure, requiring only deionized water and an energy source. PEM electrolysis also produces very pure hydrogen, with none of the typical catalyst poisons that may be found in hydrogen produced from reforming. However, significant advances are required in order to in order to provide a cost-competitive hydrogen source for energy markets. This paper will discuss the current limitations and recent work by Proton Energy Systems towards reaching the DOE Hydrogen Program objective for distributed production of hydrogen from distributed water electrolysis of $3.70/gge by 2012.
John Bøgild Hansen and Peter Vang Hendriksen 2019 ECS Trans. 91 2455
The Danish Energy Agency has sponsored a 4 million € project for production of ammonia synthesis gas and the use of ammonia by Solid Oxide Cells. The purpose of the project is to demonstrate a novel process for generation of ammonia synthesis gas without an air separation unit by means of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells as well as using ammonia as a fuel for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. The synthesis gas generation plant will be a 50 kW unit. The SOFC unit test will be carried out on one stack corresponding to 1.5 kW. In parallel socio- as well as techno-economic studies will be performed on ammonia as an energy vector for storing excess electricity and using it for shipping, heavy duty transport and stationary power production. The paper and presentation will provide details about the new synthesis gas production process and present experimental results from the ammonia to power part of the project.
Latest articles
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Junichi Murota 2023 ECS Trans. 112 3
Atomic-order surface reaction processes of reactant gases on the Si (100) and Ge (100) surfaces are reviewed. The site density on the (100) surface where the reactant molecules are adsorbed and react is estimated from the maximum self-limited adsorption/reaction amount of reactant gas on the (100) surface. The atomic-order amounts of reactant gases under self-limiting adsorption/reaction conditions are described using a modified Langmuir-type mechanism as a function of reactant gas partial pressure and exposure time at a specified temperature. For the hydrogen-terminated surface, it is proposed that the reactant molecules are physically adsorbed on the hydrogen-terminated sites and react with the hydrogen terminated on the surface. Fairly good agreement is obtained between all experimental data and the modified Langmuir-type mechanism for the self-limited adsorption/ reaction.
Mikael Ostling and Per-Erik Hellstrom 2023 ECS Trans. 112 13
To keep the scaling progress going, we must go three dimensional (3D). This paper outlines some technology challenges and solutions to integrate Ge p-type MOSFETs sequentially on Si CMOS. Such a solution addresses the grand challenge to enable increased device density. However, the device itself does not have to scale but at the same time innovative solutions are suggested for low supply voltage operation enabling energy efficient integrated circuits (ICs) that will not be dominated by energy consumption in interconnects. By stacking the transistors on top of each other, and connecting them with inter-tier via, the density of transistors per unit area increases. This approach demands that transistors are fabricated at a lower temperature than today's Si CMOS technology. Here, we have focused on Ge based transistors, which have an inherently lower process temperature compared to Si transistors. Several technological and design breakthroughs towards realizing Ge based sequential 3D circuits are discussed.
Sebastian Schulze et al 2023 ECS Trans. 112 25
This paper presents a surface-activated Al-Al wafer bonding process for patterned 200 mm wafers that removes the native oxide in an argon plasma and enables high bond quality with accurate alignment at temperatures below 300 °C. The study focuses on various factors that influence the final Al-Al bond in terms of contact resistance and shear strength. In addition to temperature, force and time during the actual bonding process, these include steps during the wafer fabrication that affect the Al bonding pads and the wafer bow. Furthermore, the impact of a post-bond cleaning process on the final bond result is analyzed. This work shows a low temperature Al-Al bonding process with high yield >90%, excellent bond strength >150 MPa and contact resistances in the mΩ range.
Yuiha Maeda et al 2023 ECS Trans. 112 37
We evaluated the anisotropic biaxial strain in the channel region of extremely-thin body silicon-germanium-on-insulator p-MOSFETs by oil-immersion Raman spectroscopy. Oil-immersion Raman spectroscopy can measure the transverse optical (TO) phonon mode which cannot be detected by conventional Raman spectroscopy under the backscattering configuration for (001) substrate. Therefore, we can calculate the anisotropic biaxial stress in the SiGe channel region and investigate the channel width dependence of stress. From the Raman spectra obtained in the polarization configurations of longitudinal optical (LO)-active and TO-active, we confirmed that compressive stress is induced in the SiGe channel region. In addition, we observed that the strain state of the SiGe channel region becomes quasi-uniaxial strain by narrowing the channel width.
Curtis Durfee et al 2023 ECS Trans. 112 45
Nanosheet gate-all-around devices have demonstrated several advantages in device performance and area scaling over finFET devices with higher device density and improved electrostatic control. Robust inner spacer (IS) and channel formation is critical for high performance, reduced variability and good yield. An isotropic dry etch of the sacrificial SiGe layer with extremely high selectivity to gate spacer, IS and Si channels is necessary for high-quality channel formation over a wide range of sheet widths. Furthermore, the nFET Si:P and pFET SiGe:B source-drain (S/D) epitaxy must be isolated using inner spacers or buffers to prevent damage during Channel Release (CR). The damage can be further mitigated with optimized CR etch chemistry, enabling IS scaling. We highlight S/D damage mechanisms during CR, then demonstrate reduced S/D damage by co-optimization of the IS, CR chemistry and S/D epitaxy.